Veg Tan Club

Best Vegetable-Tanned Leather Goods

The tannage this site is named after, outside the wallet case. Seven goods whose listings state vegetable tanning - compared on whether they also state a grade, a thickness and a country.

By Stephen V.Last updated How we pick

The verdict: the Time Resistance Italian dopp kit is the one to buy, because it is the only listing in this whole set that states a grade, a tannage anda country of manufacture at once — full-grain cowhide, vegetable-tanned and hand-dyed, handmade in Italy, with YKK zippers and a published 12-month warranty. If you want a bag rather than a case, the Banuce convertible backpack publishes more checkable facts than anything else here. The budget pick is the Belts.com women’s roller-buckle belt: the cheapest way into a stated vegetable tannage on this page, and the only item of the seven that also publishes a thickness in ounces.

Here is why this page exists. Vegetable tanning is the process that makes leather behave the way people imagine leather behaves — it darkens, warms and burnishes with handling instead of staying the color it shipped in. It is also the single least-published spec in the whole category. Across the 147 listings we track, grade appears far more often than tannage, because grade is a word a seller can put in a title and tannage is a fact about a tannery. So the seven goods below are not a shortlist from a large field; they are close to the field. Our wallets have their own page — best vegetable-tanned wallets — and nothing on it is repeated here.

Read this as a tannage page, not a grade page, because the two come apart in interesting ways. Four of the seven state bothfull-grain and vegetable-tanned, which is the combination worth paying for. One states a tannage, an Italian hide and a wool lining and never names a grade at all. One contradicts itself across its own title and bullets. We record those gaps rather than resolve them in the maker’s favor. Nothing here was handled or tested by us: every figure is read from a live listing on the date printed on its card. For the chemistry and the trade-offs, start with what vegetable-tanned leather is.

How this is funded: we earn a commission if you buy through our links, at no extra cost to you. It never changes which product we recommend, and we’ll tell you when we’d skip one. Full disclosure.

Quick picks

Ranked on leather grade, construction and buyer fit. Select a row to jump to the full write-up. We have not handled these items ourselves — here is exactly what we do instead.

#ProductBest forPrice
1
Time Resistance Italian Vegetable-Tanned Leather Dopp Kit

Time Resistance Italian Vegetable-Tanned Leather Dopp Kit

The only kit we found whose listing states a grade, a tannage and a country of manufacture at once: full-grain cowhide, hand-dyed using vegetable tanning, handmade in Italy. It is also the one that will visibly change color with use, which is the point of buying it.

Best overall
$125.00 · View on Amazon

Price as of November 12, 2026. #ad How we’re funded

2
Banuce Italian Full-Grain Convertible Backpack Purse

Banuce Italian Full-Grain Convertible Backpack Purse

The most disclosed bag in this format: full-grain Italian hide, vegetable-tanned and hand-dyed per the listing, a stated 14-inch laptop compartment, a published footprint and weight, a rear luggage strap and a stated one-year warranty. Nothing else here publishes that many checkable facts at once.

Best bag
$189.99 · View on Amazon

Price as of November 12, 2026. #ad How we’re funded

3
Berliner Bags Turin Full-Grain Vegetable-Tanned Belt Bag

Berliner Bags Turin Full-Grain Vegetable-Tanned Belt Bag

The only belt bag here that states a tannage as well as a grade: full-grain vegetable-tanned, with YKK metal zippers, a named cotton lining and the slimmest body on the page after the crazy-horse pick. The premium price buys disclosure rather than capacity.

Best everyday carry
$89.99 · View on Amazon

Price as of November 12, 2026. #ad How we’re funded

4
COOLCY Vintage Vegetable-Tanned Backpack Purse

COOLCY Vintage Vegetable-Tanned Backpack Purse

The value pick, and the longest stated cover on the page: its bullets describe vegetable-tanned full-grain leather imported from Italy, publish a full pocket inventory, state a 13-inch MacBook fit and promise a replacement for two years if the bag fails. Its title, however, says "Genuine Leather" — the same listing, two different grades.

Most detail per dollar
$129.95 · View on Amazon

Price as of November 12, 2026. #ad How we’re funded

5
Crazy Horse Craft Vegetable-Tanned Italian Leather MacBook Pro Sleeve (14")

Crazy Horse Craft Vegetable-Tanned Italian Leather MacBook Pro Sleeve (14")

States the two facts this site cares most about — a vegetable tannage and an Italian hide — plus a 100% wool felt lining and a two-year warranty. Then it never says which layer of the hide you are buying, which is why its grade publishes as nothing.

Best for a laptop
$149.00 · View on Amazon

Price as of November 12, 2026. #ad How we’re funded

6
Wanderings Vegetable-Tanned Leather Padfolio (10 x 13", Vintage Brown)

Wanderings Vegetable-Tanned Leather Padfolio (10 x 13", Vintage Brown)

The tannage pick. It is the only padfolio we found that states vegetable-tanned leather, which is the tannage that darkens and warms with handling instead of staying the color it shipped in — the whole reason a document folio can look better after three years of meetings. The grade word it uses is only "genuine leather," so read it as a tannage buy, not a grade buy.

Best for work
$71.95 · View on Amazon

Price as of November 12, 2026. #ad How we’re funded

7
Belts.com Women's Solid Brass Roller Buckle Full-Grain Belt (1-1/8", 30mm)

Belts.com Women's Solid Brass Roller Buckle Full-Grain Belt (1-1/8", 30mm)

The most completely described women's belt we could find on Amazon: one-piece full-grain cowhide, vegetable-tanned, a published 8-9 oz (4mm) thickness, an antique solid brass roller buckle, and snaps so the buckle can be swapped. No other listing on this page states even half of that. It is a plain strap from a strap maker rather than a fashion brand, and it is ranked first for exactly that reason.

Budget pick
$28.95 · View on Amazon

Price as of November 12, 2026. #ad How we’re funded

The picks in full

#1Best overall

Time Resistance Italian Vegetable-Tanned Leather Dopp Kit

The only kit we found whose listing states a grade, a tannage and a country of manufacture at once: full-grain cowhide, hand-dyed using vegetable tanning, handmade in Italy. It is also the one that will visibly change color with use, which is the point of buying it.

Strengths

  • States full-grain AND vegetable-tanned — a combination almost nothing in this category publishes
  • States handmade in Italy, with YKK zippers and a tear-resistant lining
  • 12-month warranty published as a term, not a vibe
  • Vegetable tannage means it darkens and patinas instead of staying as bought

Trade-offs

  • One single compartment — no mesh pockets, no wet/dry separation, no hanging hook
  • Smallest usable volume of the full-size picks at 10.2 x 5.5 x 5 in
  • The most expensive pick here by a wide margin
  • Veg-tan marks with water more readily than a pigmented finish, which is an odd trait in a bathroom bag
  • Listing copy leans on first-impressions marketing rather than construction detail
Leather gradeFull-grain
TannageVegetable-tanned
ThicknessNot published
HardwareYKK zippers
Made inItaly
Warranty12 months

Spec note. States grade, tannage and country of manufacture together — the only listing in this category we could find that does all three.

Specs read from the product listing, on September 15, 2026. “Not published” means the listing does not state that spec.

#2Best bag

Banuce Italian Full-Grain Convertible Backpack Purse

The most disclosed bag in this format: full-grain Italian hide, vegetable-tanned and hand-dyed per the listing, a stated 14-inch laptop compartment, a published footprint and weight, a rear luggage strap and a stated one-year warranty. Nothing else here publishes that many checkable facts at once.

Strengths

  • States full-grain Italian leather, vegetable-tanned and hand-dyed with natural dyes
  • Stated 14 in laptop plus 9.7 in tablet across three compartments
  • Converts to a shoulder or sling bag; rear luggage strap for a rolling case
  • Publishes size and weight: 12.6 x 3.54 x 15.35 in, 2.6 lb; 1-year warranty stated

Trade-offs

  • Heavy before you load it — 2.6 lb empty, the second-heaviest here
  • Only 3.54 in deep, so a 14-inch laptop plus a lunch is optimistic
  • Hardware and lining are not specified beyond "zipper closure"
  • No country of manufacture published — the Italian claim is about the hide
Leather gradeFull-grain
TannageVegetable-tanned, hand-dyed (per the listing)
ThicknessNot published
HardwareNot published
Made inNot published
Warranty1 year

Specs read from the product listing, on October 18, 2026. “Not published” means the listing does not state that spec.

#3Best everyday carry

Berliner Bags Turin Full-Grain Vegetable-Tanned Belt Bag

The only belt bag here that states a tannage as well as a grade: full-grain vegetable-tanned, with YKK metal zippers, a named cotton lining and the slimmest body on the page after the crazy-horse pick. The premium price buys disclosure rather than capacity.

Strengths

  • States full-grain AND a vegetable tannage - unique on this page
  • YKK metal zippers and a named cotton lining
  • 2.36 in published depth, so it sits close to the body
  • 1-year warranty plus a stated 100-day return window

Trade-offs

  • Says the tannage uses "natural, chemical-free processes" - vegetable tannins are chemicals, so that phrase overclaims
  • Two zipped pockets against five on the pick above
  • Most expensive bag on this page
  • Country of manufacture not stated - the listing says designed in Berlin, which is a different claim
Leather gradeFull-grain
TannageVegetable-tanned
ThicknessNot published
HardwareYKK metal zippers; metal D-ring and buckle
Made inNot published
Warranty1 year, plus a stated 100-day return window

Spec note. States a TUV certification to European standards and a vegetable tannage, then calls that tannage "chemical-free", which is marketing rather than chemistry - vegetable tanning uses tannins, which are chemicals. The grade and tannage claims stand; the chemical-free line does not.

Specs read from the product listing, on November 1, 2026. “Not published” means the listing does not state that spec.

#4Most detail per dollar

COOLCY Vintage Vegetable-Tanned Backpack Purse

The value pick, and the longest stated cover on the page: its bullets describe vegetable-tanned full-grain leather imported from Italy, publish a full pocket inventory, state a 13-inch MacBook fit and promise a replacement for two years if the bag fails. Its title, however, says "Genuine Leather" — the same listing, two different grades.

Strengths

  • Bullets state vegetable-tanned full-grain leather imported from Italy
  • Two-year replacement promise for quality faults, stated in the listing
  • Full pocket inventory published, inside and out, plus a stated 13 in MacBook fit
  • Publishes size, weight and maximum strap length: 10.5 x 5 x 12.8 in, 2.4 lb, 35 in straps

Trade-offs

  • The title says "Genuine Leather" while the bullets say full-grain — the listing contradicts itself on the one spec that matters
  • A 12.8 in height is tight for the 13 in laptop it claims; measure your machine first
  • Hardware is described only as "gunmetal gray" with no material named
  • No country of manufacture published; the Italian claim is about the hide
Leather gradeFull-grain
TannageVegetable-tanned (Italian hide, per the listing)
ThicknessNot published
HardwareNot published
Made inNot published
Warranty2-year replacement for quality faults (per the listing)

Spec note. Title says "Genuine Leather"; bullets two and five say "vegetable Tanned Full Grain Leather" and "high quality full-grain vegetable-tanned leather imported from Italy". Both claims sit in the same listing. We record the contradiction rather than picking the flattering one.

Specs read from the product listing, on October 18, 2026. “Not published” means the listing does not state that spec.

#5Best for a laptop

Crazy Horse Craft Vegetable-Tanned Italian Leather MacBook Pro Sleeve (14")

States the two facts this site cares most about — a vegetable tannage and an Italian hide — plus a 100% wool felt lining and a two-year warranty. Then it never says which layer of the hide you are buying, which is why its grade publishes as nothing.

Strengths

  • States a vegetable tannage, which almost no sleeve listing does
  • 100% wool felt lining rather than an unnamed fabric
  • 2-year manufacturer warranty — the longest on this page
  • Model-specific fit for MacBook Pro 14 in, M1 to M5

Trade-offs

  • Never states a leather grade, at the highest price on the page
  • "Small European studio" is not a country of manufacture
  • Magnetic closure, so the sleeve is not sealed against dust
  • The listing itself says the crazy-horse finish darkens with use — fine if you want that, not if you do not
Leather gradeNot published
TannageVegetable-tanned
ThicknessNot published
HardwareMagnetic closure
Made inNot published
Warranty2 years (manufacturer)

Spec note. States a vegetable tannage, an Italian hide and a 100% wool felt lining, and ships with a proof-of-authenticity card for the leather — and never once states a grade. The most-disclosed hide on this page is also the only one with no grade claim.

Specs read from the product listing, on October 25, 2026. “Not published” means the listing does not state that spec.

#6Best for work

Wanderings Vegetable-Tanned Leather Padfolio (10 x 13", Vintage Brown)

The tannage pick. It is the only padfolio we found that states vegetable-tanned leather, which is the tannage that darkens and warms with handling instead of staying the color it shipped in — the whole reason a document folio can look better after three years of meetings. The grade word it uses is only "genuine leather," so read it as a tannage buy, not a grade buy.

Strengths

  • States vegetable-tanned leather — rare at any price in this category
  • A4 pad refill included, and the pad size is published
  • Publishes a Sedex SMETA audit of the facility, which is a checkable labor claim

Trade-offs

  • States only "genuine leather" for the grade — the vaguest word in the trade
  • Open folio, no closure of any kind
  • Veg-tan marks easily in the first months, which is the trade for the patina
Leather gradeGenuine leather
TannageVegetable-tanned
ThicknessNot published
HardwareNot published
Made inNot published
WarrantyNot published

Spec note. The only stated vegetable-tanned padfolio in the group, and the only listing of the five that names a third-party social audit (Sedex SMETA) of the facility rather than asserting "ethically sourced" with nothing behind it.

Specs read from the product listing, on October 11, 2026. “Not published” means the listing does not state that spec.

#7Budget pick

Belts.com Women's Solid Brass Roller Buckle Full-Grain Belt (1-1/8", 30mm)

The most completely described women's belt we could find on Amazon: one-piece full-grain cowhide, vegetable-tanned, a published 8-9 oz (4mm) thickness, an antique solid brass roller buckle, and snaps so the buckle can be swapped. No other listing on this page states even half of that. It is a plain strap from a strap maker rather than a fashion brand, and it is ranked first for exactly that reason.

Strengths

  • States one-piece full-grain cowhide — the grade and the construction, both in writing
  • Publishes a thickness (8-9 oz / 4mm) and a tannage (vegetable-tanned), which no other pick here does
  • Antique solid brass roller buckle on snaps, so the buckle can be changed and the strap shortened at home

Trade-offs

  • At 4mm it is a thick, stiff strap for a 30mm width — expect a break-in period and a casual, not dressy, look
  • Plain vintage-finish tan strap with no styling to speak of — it is the least fashion-forward belt on this page
  • Sized in inches from the fold to the middle hole, so you have to measure a belt you own rather than pick a dress size
Leather gradeFull-grain
TannageVegetable-tanned
Thickness8-9 oz (4mm)
HardwareAntique solid brass roller buckle; snap-on (interchangeable)
Made inNot published
WarrantyNot published

Spec note. "One-piece full-grain cowhide" plus a stated ounce weight is the combination this whole category rarely publishes. Thickness in ounces is what predicts how stiff a belt is and how slowly its holes stretch — and this is the only women's listing we found that prints it.

Specs read from the product listing, on September 20, 2026. “Not published” means the listing does not state that spec.

What a vegetable tannage actually commits a maker to

Tanning is the step that turns a raw hide into leather, and the tanning agent decides almost everything about how the finished piece behaves. Vegetable tanning uses tannins drawn from bark, wood and leaves, takes weeks rather than hours, and leaves a firmer, thirstier leather with an open surface. Chrome tanning uses chromium salts, takes a day, and produces a softer, more water-tolerant, more color-stable leather. Neither is a fake; they are different materials for different jobs, and the full comparison is in vegetable-tanned vs. chrome-tanned leather.

What that means in your hands: a vegetable-tanned piece will darken and develop a patina, will mark with water far more readily, and will feel stiff for the first weeks before it softens to your use. If you want a bag that looks exactly the same in three years, this is the wrong page and a pigmented chrome-tanned finish is the right buy. If the aging is the reason you want leather, there is no substitute — which is the argument in leather patina.

The second thing it commits them to is slower and costlier production, and that is why a stated tannage correlates so strongly with the restof the disclosure on a listing. A seller who is close enough to the tannery to know the tanning agent usually also knows the hide layer, the lining fiber and the zipper brand — and tends to say so. Five of the seven items below name a lining, a hardware brand or both. That is a far higher rate than the registry average, and it is the practical reason to use tannage as a shopping filter even if you do not care about patina.

The seven, side by side

Every cell is read from the listing or marked “Not published.” Current prices are on the Check price button in each row of the table above; no figure is typed into this page.

 Time ResistanceBanuceBerliner BagsCOOLCYCrazy Horse CraftWanderingsBelts.com
What it isDopp kitConvertible backpackBelt bagBackpack purse14 in laptop sleeve10 x 13 in padfolio30 mm belt
Grade as statedFull-grainFull-grainFull-grainFull-grain in bullets, “Genuine” in the titleNot publishedGenuine leatherFull-grain, one piece
Tannage as statedVegetable-tanned, hand-dyedVegetable-tanned, hand-dyedVegetable-tannedVegetable-tanned (Italian hide)Vegetable-tanned (Italian hide)Vegetable-tannedVegetable-tanned
Thickness publishedNot publishedNot publishedNot publishedNot publishedNot publishedNot published8-9 oz (4 mm)
Hardware or lining namedYKK zippers; tear-resistant liningNot publishedYKK metal zippers; cotton lining“Gunmetal gray”, no material100% wool felt lining; magnetic closureNot publishedSolid brass roller buckle, on snaps
Country of manufactureItalyNot published (hide is Italian)Not published (designed in Berlin)Not published (hide is Italian)Not published (“European studio”)Not publishedNot published
Warranty stated12 months1 year1 year + 100-day returns2-year replacement2 yearsNot publishedNot published

The striking row is country of manufacture: one “Italy” and six blanks, four of which are blanks dressed as answers. “Italian leather,” “designed in Berlin” and “a small European studio” are hide-origin and design claims, not manufacturing claims, and we file them as such every time. That is not nitpicking: a hide tanned in Tuscany and assembled somewhere else is a completely normal and perfectly good product, and the only dishonest version is the one that lets you assume otherwise. The label-reading is in what “Italian leather” actually means.

The second is thickness: six blanks and one belt. Thickness in ounces is the number that predicts stiffness and how slowly a strap or a fold gives up, and the only item here that publishes it is the cheapest one on the page — from a company that sells nothing but straps. Disclosure tracks specialism far more closely than it tracks price, which is a pattern worth carrying into every other category. How to read the figure is in leather weight and thickness.

Two listings we are keeping and correcting

Berliner Bags states a vegetable tannage and then calls the process “natural, chemical-free.” Vegetable tanning works by means of tannins, and tannins are chemicals; the phrase is marketing rather than chemistry. We keep the grade and tannage claims, which are specific and checkable, and print the chemical-free line as a con rather than quietly dropping it.

COOLCY’s title says “Genuine Leather” and two of its bullets say vegetable-tanned full-grain imported from Italy.Both claims live in the same listing, on the one spec that matters most. We record the contradiction instead of picking the flattering half, and the bag keeps its slot because the rest of its disclosure — a full pocket inventory, a published size and weight, a stated strap length, a two-year replacement promise — is better than anything near its price. A maker that cannot state its grade the same way twice is telling you how much weight the claim carries, and we would rather you heard it from us first.

The third note is not a contradiction but an absence worth naming. The Crazy Horse Craft sleeve is the most-disclosed hide on the page and the only one with no grade claim at all— a vegetable tannage, an Italian hide, a 100% wool felt lining, a two-year warranty and a proof-of-authenticity card, and never a word about which layer of the hide you are buying. At the top of this page’s price range, that is the omission to weigh.

Living with vegetable-tanned leather

Three habits decide whether a veg-tan piece ages well or just looks battered. First, let it mark early and stop worrying: the first scratches and water spots are the start of the patina, not damage, and trying to buff them out of an unfinished hide usually makes a bigger, paler patch. Second, dry it slowly and never with heat— a radiator or a hot car drives the oils out of a veg-tan hide and that is the one kind of damage no conditioner reverses. Third, condition sparingly and spot-test first: veg-tan drinks product and darkens dramatically, so a pale natural piece can go several shades browner from one generous application. The routine we recommend is in how to care for vegetable-tanned leather, the products that state what is in them are in best leather conditioners, and the frequency question is answered in how often to condition leather.

One more expectation to set: a veg-tan piece will smell of leather for months, which people love, and will transfer a little color onto a pale shirt or trouser in its first weeks, which people do not expect. Both are normal for an unfinished hide and both fade. Why they happen is in why leather smells.

Which one for you

If you want the best-disclosed veg-tan item we have found:Time Resistance. Grade, tannage and country of manufacture together, YKK zippers, a named lining and a stated 12-month warranty. It is a single undivided compartment with no hanging hook, it is the dearest item here, and an unfinished hide is a slightly odd choice for a bathroom bag — which is exactly why the listing’s honesty matters.

If you want a bag that carries a laptop: Banuce. Stated full-grain Italian hide, vegetable-tanned and hand-dyed, a stated 14-inch laptop compartment, a published footprint and weight, a rear luggage strap and a one-year warranty. It is 2.6 lb before you load it and only 3.54 in deep, so a laptop plus lunch is optimistic.

If you want the smallest thing you will use every day: Berliner Bags Turin. Full-grain and vegetable-tanned with YKK metal zippers and a named cotton lining, at a published 2.36 in depth that sits close to the body. Two zipped pockets only, and the chemical-free claim should be ignored.

If you want the most published facts for the money:COOLCY. A full pocket inventory, a published size, weight and strap length, a stated 13-inch MacBook fit and a two-year replacement promise — with a title and a bullet set that disagree about the grade, and a 12.8 in height that is tight for the laptop it claims.

If it is for a laptop and nothing else:Crazy Horse Craft. A stated vegetable tannage, an Italian hide, a wool felt lining and the longest warranty here, in a model-specific fit. No grade claim at the highest price on the page, and a magnetic closure rather than a sealed one. The format’s own ranking is best leather laptop sleeves.

If you carry documents to meetings:Wanderings padfolio. The only stated vegetable-tanned folio we have found, with an A4 pad included and a third-party Sedex SMETA audit named rather than a vague ethical claim. It says only “genuine leather” for the grade and has no closure of any kind. The rest of the field is on best leather portfolios.

If you want in cheaply: Belts.com. One-piece full-grain cowhide, vegetable-tanned, a published 8-9 oz thickness and a solid brass roller buckle on snaps so it can be swapped. At 4 mm in a 30 mm width it is a stiff, plain, casual strap with no styling, and it is sized by measuring a belt you already own. Every rule behind these picks is on our methodology page.

Frequently asked questions

What does vegetable-tanned leather mean?

It means the hide was turned into leather using tannins from bark, wood and leaves rather than chromium salts. The process takes weeks instead of about a day and leaves a firmer, thirstier leather with an open surface - which is why vegetable-tanned pieces darken and burnish with handling, mark with water more readily, and feel stiff for the first few weeks before softening to your use.

What is the best vegetable-tanned leather item to buy?

On published facts, the Time Resistance Italian dopp kit: it is the only listing in this group that states a grade, a tannage and a country of manufacture at once - full-grain cowhide, vegetable-tanned and hand-dyed, handmade in Italy - with YKK zippers, a named lining and a 12-month warranty. If you want a bag rather than a case, the Banuce convertible backpack publishes the most checkable facts.

Is vegetable-tanned leather better than chrome-tanned?

It is different, not automatically better. Vegetable tanning gives you patina, firmness and an open surface that takes conditioner; chrome tanning gives you softness, color stability and much better tolerance of water. If you want a bag that looks the same in three years, chrome-tanned with a pigmented finish is the correct buy. If the aging is the reason you want leather, nothing else does it.

Why do so few listings state the tannage?

Because grade is a word a seller can put in a title and tannage is a fact about a tannery. A seller has to be close to the supply chain to know the tanning agent, which is why a stated tannage correlates so strongly with the rest of the disclosure - five of the seven items here also name a lining, a hardware brand or both, a far higher rate than the category average. Use tannage as a filter even if you do not care about patina.

Does vegetable-tanned leather stain easily?

Water-marks, yes - more readily than any pigmented finish, and that is the trade for the patina. The handling rules are simple: let early marks happen rather than buffing at them, dry the piece slowly and never near heat, and condition sparingly with a spot test first, because veg-tan drinks product and can darken several shades from one generous application.

Does 'Italian leather' mean the item was made in Italy?

No. 'Italian leather' is a claim about where the hide was tanned, not where the product was assembled - and 'designed in Berlin' or 'a small European studio' are not manufacturing claims either. Of the seven items on this page, exactly one states a country of manufacture. A Tuscan hide assembled elsewhere is a perfectly good product; the only dishonest version is the listing that lets you assume otherwise.

Sources

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